India
Risk Score
80.4
Vulnerability
72.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HeatwavesMonsoonsSea-level rise
Trend
â
According to Earthian recent analysis these are the climate action updates till December 2025
More Resilient
đłđ±
â
Netherlands
Maintaining sea-level defense infrastructure
đšđ·
â
Costa Rica
Achieved 99% renewable energy
đ©đ°
â
Denmark
Expanded offshore wind capacity
đłđŽ
â
Norway
Restricted deforestation-linked imports in public procurement
đźđž
â
Iceland
Carbon capture technology expansion
More Vulnerable
đ§đ·
â
Brazil
Recent resurgence of Amazon deforestation pressures
đźđ©
â
Indonesia
Reduced deforestation but continued palm oilâdriven deforestation risk
đŠđș
â
Australia
Coal export expansion approved
đ·đș
â
Russia
Arctic oil drilling expansion
đžđŠ
â
Saudi Arabia
Fossil fuel production increase
Climate risk assessment for G20 member countries. Risk scores are calculated based on vulnerability index, exposure level, and adaptation capacity. Higher scores indicate greater climate risk.
Indonesia
Risk Score
70.6
Vulnerability
62.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseDeforestationFlooding
Trend
â
South Africa
Risk Score
59.8
Vulnerability
51.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
China
Risk Score
56.6
Vulnerability
48.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesAir pollution
Trend
â
South Korea
Risk Score
55.4
Vulnerability
47.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingAir pollution
Trend
â
Japan
Risk Score
55
Vulnerability
46.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
TyphoonsEarthquakesSea-level rise
Trend
â
Turkey
Risk Score
51
Vulnerability
42.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HeatwavesDroughtFlooding
Trend
â
Saudi Arabia
Risk Score
48.2
Vulnerability
40
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWater scarcityDrought
Trend
â
Brazil
Risk Score
43.4
Vulnerability
35.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DeforestationFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Argentina
Risk Score
40.2
Vulnerability
32
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Mexico
Risk Score
39.4
Vulnerability
31.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HurricanesDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Italy
Risk Score
25.4
Vulnerability
17.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
United States
Risk Score
25
Vulnerability
12
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
WildfiresHurricanesHeatwaves
Trend
â
France
Risk Score
24.2
Vulnerability
16
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Germany
Risk Score
22.6
Vulnerability
14.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesDrought
Trend
â
Russia
Risk Score
16.6
Vulnerability
8.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltPermafrost thawHeatwaves
Trend
â
United Kingdom
Risk Score
16.2
Vulnerability
8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves
Trend
â
Canada
Risk Score
15.4
Vulnerability
7.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltWildfiresPermafrost thawFlooding
Trend
â
Australia
Risk Score
14.6
Vulnerability
6.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
WildfiresDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
| Rank | Country | Risk Score | Vulnerability | Exposure | Adaptation | Primary Risks | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | đźđłIndia | 80.4 | 72.6 | High | Medium | HeatwavesMonsoonsSea-level rise | â |
| 2 | đźđ©Indonesia | 70.6 | 62.4 | High | Medium | Sea-level riseDeforestationFlooding | â |
| 3 | đżđŠSouth Africa | 59.8 | 51.6 | High | Medium | DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 4 | đšđłChina | 56.6 | 48.4 | Medium | High | FloodingHeatwavesAir pollution | â |
| 5 | đ°đ·South Korea | 55.4 | 47.2 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingAir pollution | â |
| 6 | đŻđ”Japan | 55 | 46.8 | Medium | High | TyphoonsEarthquakesSea-level rise | â |
| 7 | đčđ·Turkey | 51 | 42.8 | Medium | Medium | HeatwavesDroughtFlooding | â |
| 8 | đžđŠSaudi Arabia | 48.2 | 40 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWater scarcityDrought | â |
| 9 | đ§đ·Brazil | 43.4 | 35.2 | Medium | Medium | DeforestationFloodingDrought | â |
| 10 | đŠđ·Argentina | 40.2 | 32 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 11 | đČđœMexico | 39.4 | 31.2 | Medium | Medium | HurricanesDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 12 | đźđčItaly | 25.4 | 17.2 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingDrought | â |
| 13 | đșđžUnited States | 25 | 12 | Medium | High | WildfiresHurricanesHeatwaves | â |
| 14 | đ«đ·France | 24.2 | 16 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingDrought | â |
| 15 | đ©đȘGermany | 22.6 | 14.4 | Low | High | FloodingHeatwavesDrought | â |
| 16 | đ·đșRussia | 16.6 | 8.4 | Low | High | Glacial meltPermafrost thawHeatwaves | â |
| 17 | đŹđ§United Kingdom | 16.2 | 8 | Low | High | FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves | â |
| 18 | đšđŠCanada | 15.4 | 7.2 | Low | High | Glacial meltWildfiresPermafrost thawFlooding | â |
| 19 | đŠđșAustralia | 14.6 | 6.4 | Medium | High | WildfiresDroughtHeatwaves | â |
Climate risk assessment for European Union member countries. Risk scores are calculated based on vulnerability index, exposure level, and adaptation capacity. Higher scores indicate greater climate risk.
Croatia
Risk Score
29.8
Vulnerability
21.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Slovenia
Risk Score
29.4
Vulnerability
21.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Hungary
Risk Score
29
Vulnerability
20.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Slovakia
Risk Score
28.6
Vulnerability
20.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Czech Republic
Risk Score
28.2
Vulnerability
20
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Poland
Risk Score
27.8
Vulnerability
19.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Romania
Risk Score
27.4
Vulnerability
19.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Bulgaria
Risk Score
27
Vulnerability
18.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Greece
Risk Score
26.6
Vulnerability
18.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWildfiresDrought
Trend
â
Cyprus
Risk Score
26.2
Vulnerability
18
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesDroughtWater scarcity
Trend
â
Malta
Risk Score
25.8
Vulnerability
17.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Italy
Risk Score
25.4
Vulnerability
17.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Spain
Risk Score
25
Vulnerability
16.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesWildfires
Trend
â
Portugal
Risk Score
24.6
Vulnerability
16.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
DroughtWildfiresHeatwaves
Trend
â
France
Risk Score
24.2
Vulnerability
16
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Belgium
Risk Score
23.8
Vulnerability
15.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves
Trend
â
Netherlands
Risk Score
23.4
Vulnerability
15.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Luxembourg
Risk Score
23
Vulnerability
14.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesDrought
Trend
â
Germany
Risk Score
22.6
Vulnerability
14.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesDrought
Trend
â
Austria
Risk Score
22.2
Vulnerability
14
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingGlacial meltHeatwaves
Trend
â
Denmark
Risk Score
21
Vulnerability
12.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Sweden
Risk Score
20.6
Vulnerability
12.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingGlacial melt
Trend
â
Finland
Risk Score
19.8
Vulnerability
11.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltHeatwavesFlooding
Trend
â
Estonia
Risk Score
19
Vulnerability
10.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Latvia
Risk Score
18.6
Vulnerability
10.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Lithuania
Risk Score
18.2
Vulnerability
10
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Ireland
Risk Score
15.8
Vulnerability
7.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseStorm surges
Trend
â
| Rank | Country | Risk Score | Vulnerability | Exposure | Adaptation | Primary Risks | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | đđ·Croatia | 29.8 | 21.6 | Medium | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 2 | đžđźSlovenia | 29.4 | 21.2 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 3 | đđșHungary | 29 | 20.8 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 4 | đžđ°Slovakia | 28.6 | 20.4 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 5 | đšđżCzech Republic | 28.2 | 20 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 6 | đ”đ±Poland | 27.8 | 19.6 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 7 | đ·đŽRomania | 27.4 | 19.2 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 8 | đ§đŹBulgaria | 27 | 18.8 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 9 | đŹđ·Greece | 26.6 | 18.4 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWildfiresDrought | â |
| 10 | đšđŸCyprus | 26.2 | 18 | Medium | High | HeatwavesDroughtWater scarcity | â |
| 11 | đČđčMalta | 25.8 | 17.6 | Medium | High | Sea-level riseHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 12 | đźđčItaly | 25.4 | 17.2 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingDrought | â |
| 13 | đȘđžSpain | 25 | 16.8 | Medium | High | DroughtHeatwavesWildfires | â |
| 14 | đ”đčPortugal | 24.6 | 16.4 | Medium | High | DroughtWildfiresHeatwaves | â |
| 15 | đ«đ·France | 24.2 | 16 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingDrought | â |
| 16 | đ§đȘBelgium | 23.8 | 15.6 | Low | High | FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves | â |
| 17 | đłđ±Netherlands | 23.4 | 15.2 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 18 | đ±đșLuxembourg | 23 | 14.8 | Low | High | FloodingHeatwavesDrought | â |
| 19 | đ©đȘGermany | 22.6 | 14.4 | Low | High | FloodingHeatwavesDrought | â |
| 20 | đŠđčAustria | 22.2 | 14 | Low | High | FloodingGlacial meltHeatwaves | â |
| 21 | đ©đ°Denmark | 21 | 12.8 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 22 | đžđȘSweden | 20.6 | 12.4 | Low | High | HeatwavesFloodingGlacial melt | â |
| 23 | đ«đźFinland | 19.8 | 11.6 | Low | High | Glacial meltHeatwavesFlooding | â |
| 24 | đȘđȘEstonia | 19 | 10.8 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 25 | đ±đ»Latvia | 18.6 | 10.4 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 26 | đ±đčLithuania | 18.2 | 10 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 27 | đźđȘIreland | 15.8 | 7.6 | Low | High | FloodingSea-level riseStorm surges | â |
Complete ranking of all countries. Risk scores are calculated based on vulnerability index, exposure level, and adaptation capacity. Higher scores indicate greater climate risk.
Chad
Risk Score
95.8
Vulnerability
91.2
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity
Trend
â
Central African Republic
Risk Score
95.2
Vulnerability
90.5
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingConflict
Trend
â
Bangladesh
Risk Score
94.5
Vulnerability
88.2
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingCyclonesRiverine flooding
Trend
â
Eritrea
Risk Score
91.8
Vulnerability
87.1
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity
Trend
â
Guinea-Bissau
Risk Score
91.2
Vulnerability
86.4
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Sudan
Risk Score
90.6
Vulnerability
85.8
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationConflict
Trend
â
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Risk Score
90.1
Vulnerability
85.2
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDeforestationConflict
Trend
â
Philippines
Risk Score
89.8
Vulnerability
82.4
Exposure
Extreme
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
TyphoonsFloodingLandslides
Trend
â
Haiti
Risk Score
87.6
Vulnerability
80.1
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
HurricanesDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Mozambique
Risk Score
86.2
Vulnerability
78.9
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Maldives
Risk Score
85
Vulnerability
78
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCoral bleachingStorm surges
Trend
â
Myanmar
Risk Score
84.7
Vulnerability
77.3
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesFloodingSea-level rise
Trend
â
Burundi
Risk Score
84.2
Vulnerability
76.8
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtFood insecurity
Trend
â
South Sudan
Risk Score
83.8
Vulnerability
76.4
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtConflict
Trend
â
Syria
Risk Score
83.4
Vulnerability
76
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesConflict
Trend
â
Vietnam
Risk Score
83.1
Vulnerability
75.8
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingTyphoons
Trend
â
Somalia
Risk Score
82.5
Vulnerability
75
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity
Trend
â
Pakistan
Risk Score
81.9
Vulnerability
74.2
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesGlacial melt
Trend
â
Yemen
Risk Score
81.5
Vulnerability
73.8
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityConflict
Trend
â
Afghanistan
Risk Score
81.1
Vulnerability
73.4
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtGlacial meltConflict
Trend
â
India
Risk Score
80.4
Vulnerability
72.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HeatwavesMonsoonsSea-level rise
Trend
â
Niger
Risk Score
80
Vulnerability
73
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationHeatwaves
Trend
â
Mali
Risk Score
79.6
Vulnerability
72.6
Exposure
Very High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity
Trend
â
Kenya
Risk Score
77.8
Vulnerability
69.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingDesertification
Trend
â
Madagascar
Risk Score
76.5
Vulnerability
68.3
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Ethiopia
Risk Score
76.1
Vulnerability
67.9
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingFood insecurity
Trend
â
Tanzania
Risk Score
75.7
Vulnerability
67.5
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingSea-level rise
Trend
â
Guatemala
Risk Score
73.9
Vulnerability
65.7
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HurricanesDroughtLandslides
Trend
â
Cambodia
Risk Score
72.6
Vulnerability
64.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Laos
Risk Score
72.2
Vulnerability
64
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtLandslides
Trend
â
Nepal
Risk Score
71.8
Vulnerability
63.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Glacial meltLandslidesFlooding
Trend
â
Thailand
Risk Score
71.4
Vulnerability
63.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesSea-level rise
Trend
â
Sri Lanka
Risk Score
71
Vulnerability
62.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Indonesia
Risk Score
70.6
Vulnerability
62.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseDeforestationFlooding
Trend
â
Malaysia
Risk Score
70.2
Vulnerability
62
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesSea-level rise
Trend
â
Uganda
Risk Score
69.8
Vulnerability
61.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtLandslides
Trend
â
Rwanda
Risk Score
69.4
Vulnerability
61.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtLandslides
Trend
â
Zambia
Risk Score
69
Vulnerability
60.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingFood insecurity
Trend
â
Zimbabwe
Risk Score
68.6
Vulnerability
60.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingFood insecurity
Trend
â
Malawi
Risk Score
68.2
Vulnerability
60
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingFood insecurity
Trend
â
Burkina Faso
Risk Score
67.8
Vulnerability
59.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity
Trend
â
Senegal
Risk Score
67.4
Vulnerability
59.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseDroughtFlooding
Trend
â
Gambia
Risk Score
67
Vulnerability
58.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseDroughtFlooding
Trend
â
Guinea
Risk Score
66.6
Vulnerability
58.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Sierra Leone
Risk Score
66.2
Vulnerability
58
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Liberia
Risk Score
65.8
Vulnerability
57.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Ivory Coast
Risk Score
65.4
Vulnerability
57.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Ghana
Risk Score
65
Vulnerability
56.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Togo
Risk Score
64.6
Vulnerability
56.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Benin
Risk Score
64.2
Vulnerability
56
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Nigeria
Risk Score
63.8
Vulnerability
55.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtDesertification
Trend
â
Cameroon
Risk Score
63.4
Vulnerability
55.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Equatorial Guinea
Risk Score
62.2
Vulnerability
54
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseDeforestation
Trend
â
Gabon
Risk Score
61.8
Vulnerability
53.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseDeforestation
Trend
â
Republic of the Congo
Risk Score
61.4
Vulnerability
53.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDeforestationSea-level rise
Trend
â
Angola
Risk Score
61
Vulnerability
52.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingDesertification
Trend
â
Namibia
Risk Score
60.6
Vulnerability
52.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity
Trend
â
Botswana
Risk Score
60.2
Vulnerability
52
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity
Trend
â
South Africa
Risk Score
59.8
Vulnerability
51.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Lesotho
Risk Score
59.4
Vulnerability
51.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingFood insecurity
Trend
â
Eswatini
Risk Score
59
Vulnerability
50.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtFloodingFood insecurity
Trend
â
Mauritania
Risk Score
58.6
Vulnerability
50.4
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationSea-level rise
Trend
â
Djibouti
Risk Score
58.2
Vulnerability
50
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Comoros
Risk Score
57.8
Vulnerability
49.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
Seychelles
Risk Score
57.4
Vulnerability
49.2
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCoral bleachingStorm surges
Trend
â
Mauritius
Risk Score
57
Vulnerability
48.8
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
China
Risk Score
56.6
Vulnerability
48.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesAir pollution
Trend
â
Mongolia
Risk Score
56.2
Vulnerability
48
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtExtreme coldDesertification
Trend
â
North Korea
Risk Score
55.8
Vulnerability
47.6
Exposure
High
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtFood insecurity
Trend
â
South Korea
Risk Score
55.4
Vulnerability
47.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingAir pollution
Trend
â
Japan
Risk Score
55
Vulnerability
46.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
TyphoonsEarthquakesSea-level rise
Trend
â
Taiwan
Risk Score
54.6
Vulnerability
46.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
TyphoonsEarthquakesFlooding
Trend
â
Kazakhstan
Risk Score
54.2
Vulnerability
46
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity
Trend
â
Uzbekistan
Risk Score
53.8
Vulnerability
45.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves
Trend
â
Turkmenistan
Risk Score
53.4
Vulnerability
45.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity
Trend
â
Tajikistan
Risk Score
53
Vulnerability
44.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Glacial meltFloodingLandslides
Trend
â
Kyrgyzstan
Risk Score
52.6
Vulnerability
44.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Glacial meltFloodingLandslides
Trend
â
Georgia
Risk Score
52.2
Vulnerability
44
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingLandslidesHeatwaves
Trend
â
Armenia
Risk Score
51.8
Vulnerability
43.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Azerbaijan
Risk Score
51.4
Vulnerability
43.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Turkey
Risk Score
51
Vulnerability
42.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HeatwavesDroughtFlooding
Trend
â
Iran
Risk Score
50.6
Vulnerability
42.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves
Trend
â
Iraq
Risk Score
50.2
Vulnerability
42
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityDesertification
Trend
â
Lebanon
Risk Score
49.8
Vulnerability
41.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves
Trend
â
Israel
Risk Score
49.4
Vulnerability
41.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves
Trend
â
Palestine
Risk Score
49
Vulnerability
40.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves
Trend
â
Jordan
Risk Score
48.6
Vulnerability
40.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtWater scarcityDesertification
Trend
â
Saudi Arabia
Risk Score
48.2
Vulnerability
40
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWater scarcityDrought
Trend
â
Kuwait
Risk Score
47.8
Vulnerability
39.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWater scarcitySea-level rise
Trend
â
Bahrain
Risk Score
47.4
Vulnerability
39.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Qatar
Risk Score
47
Vulnerability
38.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWater scarcitySea-level rise
Trend
â
United Arab Emirates
Risk Score
46.6
Vulnerability
38.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWater scarcitySea-level rise
Trend
â
Oman
Risk Score
46.2
Vulnerability
38
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWater scarcityCyclones
Trend
â
Egypt
Risk Score
45.8
Vulnerability
37.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseDroughtWater scarcity
Trend
â
Libya
Risk Score
45.4
Vulnerability
37.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity
Trend
â
Tunisia
Risk Score
45
Vulnerability
36.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesSea-level rise
Trend
â
Algeria
Risk Score
44.6
Vulnerability
36.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity
Trend
â
Morocco
Risk Score
44.2
Vulnerability
36
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Western Sahara
Risk Score
43.8
Vulnerability
35.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity
Trend
â
Brazil
Risk Score
43.4
Vulnerability
35.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DeforestationFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Venezuela
Risk Score
43
Vulnerability
34.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Colombia
Risk Score
42.6
Vulnerability
34.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingLandslidesDeforestation
Trend
â
Ecuador
Risk Score
42.2
Vulnerability
34
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingLandslidesDeforestation
Trend
â
Peru
Risk Score
41.8
Vulnerability
33.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Glacial meltFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Bolivia
Risk Score
41.4
Vulnerability
33.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Glacial meltDroughtFlooding
Trend
â
Paraguay
Risk Score
41
Vulnerability
32.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtDeforestation
Trend
â
Uruguay
Risk Score
40.6
Vulnerability
32.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Argentina
Risk Score
40.2
Vulnerability
32
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Chile
Risk Score
39.8
Vulnerability
31.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
DroughtWildfiresGlacial melt
Trend
â
Mexico
Risk Score
39.4
Vulnerability
31.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HurricanesDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Belize
Risk Score
39
Vulnerability
30.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
HurricanesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
El Salvador
Risk Score
38.2
Vulnerability
30
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
HurricanesFloodingLandslides
Trend
â
Honduras
Risk Score
37.8
Vulnerability
29.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
HurricanesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Nicaragua
Risk Score
37.4
Vulnerability
29.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
HurricanesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Costa Rica
Risk Score
37
Vulnerability
28.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Panama
Risk Score
36.6
Vulnerability
28.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtSea-level rise
Trend
â
Cuba
Risk Score
36.2
Vulnerability
28
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HurricanesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
Jamaica
Risk Score
35.8
Vulnerability
27.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HurricanesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
Dominican Republic
Risk Score
35
Vulnerability
26.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HurricanesFloodingSea-level rise
Trend
â
Puerto Rico
Risk Score
34.6
Vulnerability
26.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
HurricanesFloodingSea-level rise
Trend
â
Trinidad and Tobago
Risk Score
34.2
Vulnerability
26
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseHurricanes
Trend
â
Barbados
Risk Score
33.8
Vulnerability
25.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseHurricanesFlooding
Trend
â
Guyana
Risk Score
33.4
Vulnerability
25.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation
Trend
â
Suriname
Risk Score
33
Vulnerability
24.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation
Trend
â
French Guiana
Risk Score
32.6
Vulnerability
24.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDeforestationSea-level rise
Trend
â
Albania
Risk Score
32.2
Vulnerability
24
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
North Macedonia
Risk Score
31.8
Vulnerability
23.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Kosovo
Risk Score
31.4
Vulnerability
23.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Serbia
Risk Score
31
Vulnerability
22.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Montenegro
Risk Score
30.6
Vulnerability
22.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Risk Score
30.2
Vulnerability
22
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Croatia
Risk Score
29.8
Vulnerability
21.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Slovenia
Risk Score
29.4
Vulnerability
21.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Hungary
Risk Score
29
Vulnerability
20.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Slovakia
Risk Score
28.6
Vulnerability
20.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Czech Republic
Risk Score
28.2
Vulnerability
20
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Poland
Risk Score
27.8
Vulnerability
19.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Romania
Risk Score
27.4
Vulnerability
19.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Bulgaria
Risk Score
27
Vulnerability
18.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Greece
Risk Score
26.6
Vulnerability
18.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesWildfiresDrought
Trend
â
Cyprus
Risk Score
26.2
Vulnerability
18
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesDroughtWater scarcity
Trend
â
Malta
Risk Score
25.8
Vulnerability
17.6
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseHeatwavesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Italy
Risk Score
25.4
Vulnerability
17.2
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Spain
Risk Score
25
Vulnerability
16.8
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
DroughtHeatwavesWildfires
Trend
â
Portugal
Risk Score
24.6
Vulnerability
16.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
DroughtWildfiresHeatwaves
Trend
â
France
Risk Score
24.2
Vulnerability
16
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Belgium
Risk Score
23.8
Vulnerability
15.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves
Trend
â
Netherlands
Risk Score
23.4
Vulnerability
15.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Luxembourg
Risk Score
23
Vulnerability
14.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesDrought
Trend
â
Germany
Risk Score
22.6
Vulnerability
14.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingHeatwavesDrought
Trend
â
Austria
Risk Score
22.2
Vulnerability
14
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingGlacial meltHeatwaves
Trend
â
Switzerland
Risk Score
21.8
Vulnerability
13.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltHeatwavesFlooding
Trend
â
Liechtenstein
Risk Score
21.4
Vulnerability
13.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Denmark
Risk Score
21
Vulnerability
12.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Sweden
Risk Score
20.6
Vulnerability
12.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
HeatwavesFloodingGlacial melt
Trend
â
Norway
Risk Score
20.2
Vulnerability
12
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Finland
Risk Score
19.8
Vulnerability
11.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltHeatwavesFlooding
Trend
â
Iceland
Risk Score
19.4
Vulnerability
11.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltVolcanic activitySea-level rise
Trend
â
Estonia
Risk Score
19
Vulnerability
10.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Latvia
Risk Score
18.6
Vulnerability
10.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Lithuania
Risk Score
18.2
Vulnerability
10
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves
Trend
â
Belarus
Risk Score
17.8
Vulnerability
9.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Ukraine
Risk Score
17.4
Vulnerability
9.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Moldova
Risk Score
17
Vulnerability
8.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
FloodingDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
Russia
Risk Score
16.6
Vulnerability
8.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltPermafrost thawHeatwaves
Trend
â
United States
Risk Score
25
Vulnerability
12
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
WildfiresHurricanesHeatwaves
Trend
â
United Kingdom
Risk Score
16.2
Vulnerability
8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves
Trend
â
Ireland
Risk Score
15.8
Vulnerability
7.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
FloodingSea-level riseStorm surges
Trend
â
Canada
Risk Score
15.4
Vulnerability
7.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Glacial meltWildfiresPermafrost thawFlooding
Trend
â
Australia
Risk Score
14.6
Vulnerability
6.4
Exposure
Medium
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
WildfiresDroughtHeatwaves
Trend
â
New Zealand
Risk Score
14.2
Vulnerability
6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Fiji
Risk Score
13.8
Vulnerability
5.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesCoral bleaching
Trend
â
Papua New Guinea
Risk Score
13.4
Vulnerability
5.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation
Trend
â
Solomon Islands
Risk Score
13
Vulnerability
4.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesFlooding
Trend
â
Vanuatu
Risk Score
12.6
Vulnerability
4.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
New Caledonia
Risk Score
12.2
Vulnerability
4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseCoral bleaching
Trend
â
Singapore
Risk Score
11.8
Vulnerability
3.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseHeatwavesFlooding
Trend
â
Brunei
Risk Score
11.4
Vulnerability
3.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
High
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation
Trend
â
East Timor
Risk Score
11
Vulnerability
2.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseFloodingDrought
Trend
â
Bhutan
Risk Score
10.6
Vulnerability
2.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Medium
Primary Risks
Glacial meltFloodingLandslides
Trend
â
Nauru
Risk Score
10.2
Vulnerability
2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseDroughtWater scarcity
Trend
â
Tuvalu
Risk Score
9.8
Vulnerability
1.6
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Kiribati
Risk Score
9.4
Vulnerability
1.2
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Marshall Islands
Risk Score
9
Vulnerability
0.8
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Palau
Risk Score
8.6
Vulnerability
0.4
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesCoral bleaching
Trend
â
Micronesia
Risk Score
8.2
Vulnerability
0
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity
Trend
â
Samoa
Risk Score
7.8
Vulnerability
0
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
Tonga
Risk Score
7.4
Vulnerability
0
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding
Trend
â
Cook Islands
Risk Score
7
Vulnerability
0
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseCoral bleaching
Trend
â
Niue
Risk Score
6.6
Vulnerability
0
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
CyclonesSea-level riseWater scarcity
Trend
â
Tokelau
Risk Score
6.2
Vulnerability
0
Exposure
Low
Adaptation
Low
Primary Risks
Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity
Trend
â
| Rank | Country | Risk Score | Vulnerability | Exposure | Adaptation | Primary Risks | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | đčđ©Chad | 95.8 | 91.2 | Extreme | Low | DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity | â |
| 2 | đšđ«Central African Republic | 95.2 | 90.5 | Extreme | Low | DroughtFloodingConflict | â |
| 3 | đ§đ©Bangladesh | 94.5 | 88.2 | Extreme | Low | Sea-level riseFloodingCyclonesRiverine flooding | â |
| 4 | đȘđ·Eritrea | 91.8 | 87.1 | Extreme | Low | DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity | â |
| 5 | đŹđŒGuinea-Bissau | 91.2 | 86.4 | Extreme | Low | Sea-level riseFloodingDrought | â |
| 6 | đžđ©Sudan | 90.6 | 85.8 | Extreme | Low | DroughtDesertificationConflict | â |
| 7 | đšđ©Democratic Republic of the Congo | 90.1 | 85.2 | Extreme | Low | FloodingDeforestationConflict | â |
| 8 | đ”đPhilippines | 89.8 | 82.4 | Extreme | Low | TyphoonsFloodingLandslides | â |
| 9 | đđčHaiti | 87.6 | 80.1 | Very High | Low | HurricanesDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 10 | đČđżMozambique | 86.2 | 78.9 | Very High | Low | CyclonesFloodingDrought | â |
| 11 | đČđ»Maldives | 85 | 78 | Very High | Medium | Sea-level riseCoral bleachingStorm surges | â |
| 12 | đČđČMyanmar | 84.7 | 77.3 | Very High | Low | CyclonesFloodingSea-level rise | â |
| 13 | đ§đźBurundi | 84.2 | 76.8 | Very High | Low | FloodingDroughtFood insecurity | â |
| 14 | đžđžSouth Sudan | 83.8 | 76.4 | Very High | Low | FloodingDroughtConflict | â |
| 15 | đžđŸSyria | 83.4 | 76 | Very High | Low | DroughtHeatwavesConflict | â |
| 16 | đ»đłVietnam | 83.1 | 75.8 | Very High | Medium | Sea-level riseFloodingTyphoons | â |
| 17 | đžđŽSomalia | 82.5 | 75 | Very High | Low | DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity | â |
| 18 | đ”đ°Pakistan | 81.9 | 74.2 | Very High | Medium | FloodingHeatwavesGlacial melt | â |
| 19 | đŸđȘYemen | 81.5 | 73.8 | Very High | Low | DroughtWater scarcityConflict | â |
| 20 | đŠđ«Afghanistan | 81.1 | 73.4 | Very High | Low | DroughtGlacial meltConflict | â |
| 21 | đźđłIndia | 80.4 | 72.6 | High | Medium | HeatwavesMonsoonsSea-level rise | â |
| 22 | đłđȘNiger | 80 | 73 | Very High | Low | DroughtDesertificationHeatwaves | â |
| 23 | đČđ±Mali | 79.6 | 72.6 | Very High | Low | DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity | â |
| 24 | đ°đȘKenya | 77.8 | 69.8 | High | Medium | DroughtFloodingDesertification | â |
| 25 | đČđŹMadagascar | 76.5 | 68.3 | High | Low | CyclonesDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 26 | đȘđčEthiopia | 76.1 | 67.9 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingFood insecurity | â |
| 27 | đčđżTanzania | 75.7 | 67.5 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingSea-level rise | â |
| 28 | đŹđčGuatemala | 73.9 | 65.7 | High | Medium | HurricanesDroughtLandslides | â |
| 29 | đ°đCambodia | 72.6 | 64.4 | High | Medium | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 30 | đ±đŠLaos | 72.2 | 64 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtLandslides | â |
| 31 | đłđ”Nepal | 71.8 | 63.6 | High | Low | Glacial meltLandslidesFlooding | â |
| 32 | đčđThailand | 71.4 | 63.2 | High | Medium | FloodingHeatwavesSea-level rise | â |
| 33 | đ±đ°Sri Lanka | 71 | 62.8 | High | Medium | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 34 | đźđ©Indonesia | 70.6 | 62.4 | High | Medium | Sea-level riseDeforestationFlooding | â |
| 35 | đČđŸMalaysia | 70.2 | 62 | High | Medium | FloodingHeatwavesSea-level rise | â |
| 36 | đșđŹUganda | 69.8 | 61.6 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtLandslides | â |
| 37 | đ·đŒRwanda | 69.4 | 61.2 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtLandslides | â |
| 38 | đżđČZambia | 69 | 60.8 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingFood insecurity | â |
| 39 | đżđŒZimbabwe | 68.6 | 60.4 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingFood insecurity | â |
| 40 | đČđŒMalawi | 68.2 | 60 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingFood insecurity | â |
| 41 | đ§đ«Burkina Faso | 67.8 | 59.6 | High | Low | DroughtDesertificationFood insecurity | â |
| 42 | đžđłSenegal | 67.4 | 59.2 | High | Low | Sea-level riseDroughtFlooding | â |
| 43 | đŹđČGambia | 67 | 58.8 | High | Low | Sea-level riseDroughtFlooding | â |
| 44 | đŹđłGuinea | 66.6 | 58.4 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 45 | đžđ±Sierra Leone | 66.2 | 58 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 46 | đ±đ·Liberia | 65.8 | 57.6 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 47 | đšđźIvory Coast | 65.4 | 57.2 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 48 | đŹđGhana | 65 | 56.8 | High | Medium | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 49 | đčđŹTogo | 64.6 | 56.4 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 50 | đ§đŻBenin | 64.2 | 56 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 51 | đłđŹNigeria | 63.8 | 55.6 | High | Medium | FloodingDroughtDesertification | â |
| 52 | đšđČCameroon | 63.4 | 55.2 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 53 | đŹđ¶Equatorial Guinea | 62.2 | 54 | High | Low | FloodingSea-level riseDeforestation | â |
| 56 | đŹđŠGabon | 61.8 | 53.6 | High | Medium | FloodingSea-level riseDeforestation | â |
| 57 | đšđŹRepublic of the Congo | 61.4 | 53.2 | High | Low | FloodingDeforestationSea-level rise | â |
| 58 | đŠđŽAngola | 61 | 52.8 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingDesertification | â |
| 59 | đłđŠNamibia | 60.6 | 52.4 | High | Medium | DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity | â |
| 60 | đ§đŒBotswana | 60.2 | 52 | High | Medium | DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity | â |
| 61 | đżđŠSouth Africa | 59.8 | 51.6 | High | Medium | DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 62 | đ±đžLesotho | 59.4 | 51.2 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingFood insecurity | â |
| 63 | đžđżEswatini | 59 | 50.8 | High | Low | DroughtFloodingFood insecurity | â |
| 64 | đČđ·Mauritania | 58.6 | 50.4 | High | Low | DroughtDesertificationSea-level rise | â |
| 65 | đ©đŻDjibouti | 58.2 | 50 | High | Low | DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 66 | đ°đČComoros | 57.8 | 49.6 | High | Low | CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 67 | đžđšSeychelles | 57.4 | 49.2 | High | Medium | Sea-level riseCoral bleachingStorm surges | â |
| 68 | đČđșMauritius | 57 | 48.8 | High | Medium | CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 69 | đšđłChina | 56.6 | 48.4 | Medium | High | FloodingHeatwavesAir pollution | â |
| 70 | đČđłMongolia | 56.2 | 48 | High | Medium | DroughtExtreme coldDesertification | â |
| 71 | đ°đ”North Korea | 55.8 | 47.6 | High | Low | FloodingDroughtFood insecurity | â |
| 72 | đ°đ·South Korea | 55.4 | 47.2 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingAir pollution | â |
| 73 | đŻđ”Japan | 55 | 46.8 | Medium | High | TyphoonsEarthquakesSea-level rise | â |
| 74 | đčđŒTaiwan | 54.6 | 46.4 | Medium | High | TyphoonsEarthquakesFlooding | â |
| 75 | đ°đżKazakhstan | 54.2 | 46 | Medium | Medium | DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity | â |
| 76 | đșđżUzbekistan | 53.8 | 45.6 | Medium | Medium | DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves | â |
| 77 | đčđČTurkmenistan | 53.4 | 45.2 | Medium | Medium | DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity | â |
| 78 | đčđŻTajikistan | 53 | 44.8 | Medium | Low | Glacial meltFloodingLandslides | â |
| 79 | đ°đŹKyrgyzstan | 52.6 | 44.4 | Medium | Low | Glacial meltFloodingLandslides | â |
| 80 | đŹđȘGeorgia | 52.2 | 44 | Medium | Medium | FloodingLandslidesHeatwaves | â |
| 81 | đŠđČArmenia | 51.8 | 43.6 | Medium | Medium | DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 82 | đŠđżAzerbaijan | 51.4 | 43.2 | Medium | Medium | Sea-level riseDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 83 | đčđ·Turkey | 51 | 42.8 | Medium | Medium | HeatwavesDroughtFlooding | â |
| 84 | đźđ·Iran | 50.6 | 42.4 | Medium | Medium | DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves | â |
| 85 | đźđ¶Iraq | 50.2 | 42 | Medium | Low | DroughtWater scarcityDesertification | â |
| 86 | đ±đ§Lebanon | 49.8 | 41.6 | Medium | Medium | DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves | â |
| 87 | đźđ±Israel | 49.4 | 41.2 | Medium | High | DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves | â |
| 88 | đ”đžPalestine | 49 | 40.8 | Medium | Low | DroughtWater scarcityHeatwaves | â |
| 89 | đŻđŽJordan | 48.6 | 40.4 | Medium | Medium | DroughtWater scarcityDesertification | â |
| 90 | đžđŠSaudi Arabia | 48.2 | 40 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWater scarcityDrought | â |
| 91 | đ°đŒKuwait | 47.8 | 39.6 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWater scarcitySea-level rise | â |
| 92 | đ§đBahrain | 47.4 | 39.2 | Medium | High | Sea-level riseHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 93 | đ¶đŠQatar | 47 | 38.8 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWater scarcitySea-level rise | â |
| 94 | đŠđȘUnited Arab Emirates | 46.6 | 38.4 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWater scarcitySea-level rise | â |
| 95 | đŽđČOman | 46.2 | 38 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWater scarcityCyclones | â |
| 96 | đȘđŹEgypt | 45.8 | 37.6 | Medium | Medium | Sea-level riseDroughtWater scarcity | â |
| 97 | đ±đŸLibya | 45.4 | 37.2 | Medium | Low | DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity | â |
| 98 | đčđłTunisia | 45 | 36.8 | Medium | Medium | DroughtHeatwavesSea-level rise | â |
| 99 | đ©đżAlgeria | 44.6 | 36.4 | Medium | Medium | DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity | â |
| 100 | đČđŠMorocco | 44.2 | 36 | Medium | Medium | DroughtHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 101 | đȘđWestern Sahara | 43.8 | 35.6 | Medium | Low | DroughtDesertificationWater scarcity | â |
| 102 | đ§đ·Brazil | 43.4 | 35.2 | Medium | Medium | DeforestationFloodingDrought | â |
| 103 | đ»đȘVenezuela | 43 | 34.8 | Medium | Low | FloodingDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 104 | đšđŽColombia | 42.6 | 34.4 | Medium | Medium | FloodingLandslidesDeforestation | â |
| 105 | đȘđšEcuador | 42.2 | 34 | Medium | Medium | FloodingLandslidesDeforestation | â |
| 106 | đ”đȘPeru | 41.8 | 33.6 | Medium | Medium | Glacial meltFloodingDrought | â |
| 107 | đ§đŽBolivia | 41.4 | 33.2 | Medium | Low | Glacial meltDroughtFlooding | â |
| 108 | đ”đŸParaguay | 41 | 32.8 | Medium | Low | FloodingDroughtDeforestation | â |
| 109 | đșđŸUruguay | 40.6 | 32.4 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 110 | đŠđ·Argentina | 40.2 | 32 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 111 | đšđ±Chile | 39.8 | 31.6 | Medium | Medium | DroughtWildfiresGlacial melt | â |
| 112 | đČđœMexico | 39.4 | 31.2 | Medium | Medium | HurricanesDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 113 | đ§đżBelize | 39 | 30.8 | Medium | Low | HurricanesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 114 | đžđ»El Salvador | 38.2 | 30 | Medium | Low | HurricanesFloodingLandslides | â |
| 116 | đđłHonduras | 37.8 | 29.6 | Medium | Low | HurricanesFloodingDrought | â |
| 117 | đłđźNicaragua | 37.4 | 29.2 | Medium | Low | HurricanesFloodingDrought | â |
| 118 | đšđ·Costa Rica | 37 | 28.8 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 119 | đ”đŠPanama | 36.6 | 28.4 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtSea-level rise | â |
| 120 | đšđșCuba | 36.2 | 28 | Medium | Medium | HurricanesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 121 | đŻđČJamaica | 35.8 | 27.6 | Medium | Medium | HurricanesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 122 | đ©đŽDominican Republic | 35 | 26.8 | Medium | Medium | HurricanesFloodingSea-level rise | â |
| 124 | đ”đ·Puerto Rico | 34.6 | 26.4 | Medium | Medium | HurricanesFloodingSea-level rise | â |
| 125 | đčđčTrinidad and Tobago | 34.2 | 26 | Medium | Medium | FloodingSea-level riseHurricanes | â |
| 126 | đ§đ§Barbados | 33.8 | 25.6 | Medium | Medium | Sea-level riseHurricanesFlooding | â |
| 127 | đŹđŸGuyana | 33.4 | 25.2 | Medium | Low | Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation | â |
| 128 | đžđ·Suriname | 33 | 24.8 | Medium | Low | Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation | â |
| 129 | đŹđ«French Guiana | 32.6 | 24.4 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDeforestationSea-level rise | â |
| 130 | đŠđ±Albania | 32.2 | 24 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 131 | đČđ°North Macedonia | 31.8 | 23.6 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 132 | đœđ°Kosovo | 31.4 | 23.2 | Medium | Low | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 133 | đ·đžSerbia | 31 | 22.8 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 134 | đČđȘMontenegro | 30.6 | 22.4 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 135 | đ§đŠBosnia and Herzegovina | 30.2 | 22 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 136 | đđ·Croatia | 29.8 | 21.6 | Medium | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 137 | đžđźSlovenia | 29.4 | 21.2 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 138 | đđșHungary | 29 | 20.8 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 139 | đžđ°Slovakia | 28.6 | 20.4 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 140 | đšđżCzech Republic | 28.2 | 20 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 141 | đ”đ±Poland | 27.8 | 19.6 | Medium | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 142 | đ·đŽRomania | 27.4 | 19.2 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 143 | đ§đŹBulgaria | 27 | 18.8 | Medium | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 144 | đŹđ·Greece | 26.6 | 18.4 | Medium | High | HeatwavesWildfiresDrought | â |
| 145 | đšđŸCyprus | 26.2 | 18 | Medium | High | HeatwavesDroughtWater scarcity | â |
| 146 | đČđčMalta | 25.8 | 17.6 | Medium | High | Sea-level riseHeatwavesWater scarcity | â |
| 147 | đźđčItaly | 25.4 | 17.2 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingDrought | â |
| 148 | đȘđžSpain | 25 | 16.8 | Medium | High | DroughtHeatwavesWildfires | â |
| 149 | đ”đčPortugal | 24.6 | 16.4 | Medium | High | DroughtWildfiresHeatwaves | â |
| 150 | đ«đ·France | 24.2 | 16 | Medium | High | HeatwavesFloodingDrought | â |
| 151 | đ§đȘBelgium | 23.8 | 15.6 | Low | High | FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves | â |
| 152 | đłđ±Netherlands | 23.4 | 15.2 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 153 | đ±đșLuxembourg | 23 | 14.8 | Low | High | FloodingHeatwavesDrought | â |
| 154 | đ©đȘGermany | 22.6 | 14.4 | Low | High | FloodingHeatwavesDrought | â |
| 155 | đŠđčAustria | 22.2 | 14 | Low | High | FloodingGlacial meltHeatwaves | â |
| 156 | đšđSwitzerland | 21.8 | 13.6 | Low | High | Glacial meltHeatwavesFlooding | â |
| 157 | đ±đźLiechtenstein | 21.4 | 13.2 | Low | High | Glacial meltFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 158 | đ©đ°Denmark | 21 | 12.8 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 159 | đžđȘSweden | 20.6 | 12.4 | Low | High | HeatwavesFloodingGlacial melt | â |
| 160 | đłđŽNorway | 20.2 | 12 | Low | High | Glacial meltFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 161 | đ«đźFinland | 19.8 | 11.6 | Low | High | Glacial meltHeatwavesFlooding | â |
| 162 | đźđžIceland | 19.4 | 11.2 | Low | High | Glacial meltVolcanic activitySea-level rise | â |
| 163 | đȘđȘEstonia | 19 | 10.8 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 164 | đ±đ»Latvia | 18.6 | 10.4 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 165 | đ±đčLithuania | 18.2 | 10 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingHeatwaves | â |
| 166 | đ§đŸBelarus | 17.8 | 9.6 | Low | High | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 167 | đșđŠUkraine | 17.4 | 9.2 | Low | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 168 | đČđ©Moldova | 17 | 8.8 | Low | Medium | FloodingDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 169 | đ·đșRussia | 16.6 | 8.4 | Low | High | Glacial meltPermafrost thawHeatwaves | â |
| 170 | đșđžUnited States | 25 | 12 | Medium | High | WildfiresHurricanesHeatwaves | â |
| 171 | đŹđ§United Kingdom | 16.2 | 8 | Low | High | FloodingSea-level riseHeatwaves | â |
| 172 | đźđȘIreland | 15.8 | 7.6 | Low | High | FloodingSea-level riseStorm surges | â |
| 173 | đšđŠCanada | 15.4 | 7.2 | Low | High | Glacial meltWildfiresPermafrost thawFlooding | â |
| 174 | đŠđșAustralia | 14.6 | 6.4 | Medium | High | WildfiresDroughtHeatwaves | â |
| 175 | đłđżNew Zealand | 14.2 | 6 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingDrought | â |
| 176 | đ«đŻFiji | 13.8 | 5.6 | Low | Medium | Sea-level riseCyclonesCoral bleaching | â |
| 177 | đ”đŹPapua New Guinea | 13.4 | 5.2 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation | â |
| 178 | đžđ§Solomon Islands | 13 | 4.8 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseCyclonesFlooding | â |
| 179 | đ»đșVanuatu | 12.6 | 4.4 | Low | Low | CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 180 | đłđšNew Caledonia | 12.2 | 4 | Low | Medium | CyclonesSea-level riseCoral bleaching | â |
| 181 | đžđŹSingapore | 11.8 | 3.6 | Low | High | Sea-level riseHeatwavesFlooding | â |
| 182 | đ§đłBrunei | 11.4 | 3.2 | Low | High | Sea-level riseFloodingDeforestation | â |
| 183 | đčđ±East Timor | 11 | 2.8 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseFloodingDrought | â |
| 184 | đ§đčBhutan | 10.6 | 2.4 | Low | Medium | Glacial meltFloodingLandslides | â |
| 185 | đłđ·Nauru | 10.2 | 2 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseDroughtWater scarcity | â |
| 186 | đčđ»Tuvalu | 9.8 | 1.6 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity | â |
| 187 | đ°đźKiribati | 9.4 | 1.2 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity | â |
| 188 | đČđMarshall Islands | 9 | 0.8 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity | â |
| 189 | đ”đŒPalau | 8.6 | 0.4 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseCyclonesCoral bleaching | â |
| 190 | đ«đČMicronesia | 8.2 | 0 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity | â |
| 191 | đŒđžSamoa | 7.8 | 0 | Low | Low | CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 192 | đčđŽTonga | 7.4 | 0 | Low | Low | CyclonesSea-level riseFlooding | â |
| 193 | đšđ°Cook Islands | 7 | 0 | Low | Low | CyclonesSea-level riseCoral bleaching | â |
| 194 | đłđșNiue | 6.6 | 0 | Low | Low | CyclonesSea-level riseWater scarcity | â |
| 195 | đčđ°Tokelau | 6.2 | 0 | Low | Low | Sea-level riseCyclonesWater scarcity | â |
This ranking is based on comprehensive climate risk assessments that consider:
- Vulnerability Index: Measures a country's sensitivity to climate impacts and lack of adaptive capacity
- Exposure Level: Assesses the degree to which a country is exposed to climate hazards
- Adaptation Capacity: Evaluates a country's ability to respond to and recover from climate impacts
- Primary Risks: Identifies the most significant climate threats facing each nation
Frequently Asked Questions
Chad ranks #1 with a risk score of 95.8, facing extreme drought, desertification, and food insecurity. The Central African Republic follows at #2 (95.2), and Bangladesh at #3 (94.5). These countries combine extreme exposure with very low adaptation capacity.
Bangladesh faces unique compound risks: sea-level rise threatens 17% of its land area, annual monsoon flooding affects millions, and cyclones regularly devastate coastal regions. Despite better adaptation capacity than Chad, its extreme physical exposure to multiple climate hazards keeps it in the top 3.
India leads G20 climate risk due to extreme heatwaves, monsoon variability, and sea-level rise affecting 1.4B people. Indonesia follows with deforestation and flooding risks. Surprisingly, the US faces significant risk from hurricanes, wildfires, and coastal flooding despite high adaptation capacity.
The Maldives (#11) faces existential risk â sea-level rise could make the entire nation uninhabitable. Similar risks affect Pacific island nations. These countries have medium adaptation capacity but face threats no amount of adaptation can fully address.
Sub-Saharan Africa shows the most concerning trends â nearly all countries show 'worsening' indicators. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) also shows accelerating risks. These regions face the dual challenge of high exposure and limited resources for adaptation.
Australia faces severe bushfire and drought risks. Japan is exposed to typhoons and flooding. The Netherlands, despite advanced infrastructure, remains vulnerable to sea-level rise. Even wealthy nations can't fully engineer away geographic exposure.
Several top-risk countries (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, South Sudan) face combined climate and conflict pressures. Climate stress often exacerbates existing conflicts over water and land resources, creating a reinforcing cycle that further reduces adaptation capacity.
Drought and flooding are the most common primary risks globally, affecting both developed and developing nations. Sea-level rise is critical for coastal and island nations. Desertification threatens the Sahel region extensively. These risks increasingly occur together.